Analysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight - 1199 Words

According to Christopher Reeve, â€Å"a hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles.† In today’s culture, the hero is frequently depicted as a knight in shining armor, an image that originates from age-old literature such as the fourteenth-century Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In such literary works, the heroic knight has several virtuosic character traits: friendship, chastity, generosity, courtesy, and piety; however, he must also endure a quest in which his virtues are tested. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, three obstacles challenge the hero Gawain’s morals, including the Green Knight, the seductress, and the threat of death, leading to a further maturity of†¦show more content†¦The challenge of maintaining virtues becomes a psychological game as Gawain is separated from his peers. He battles foul enemies including â€Å"dragons/ ...wolves, and satyrs, / And forest trolls, / And bulls, and bears, and ivory-tusked boars, / And giant ogres† (lines 719-723), but his physical monsters are glossed over in comparison to the mental turmoil that Gawain faces during this segment of his journey. In his â€Å"friendless† (line 714) time â€Å"nowhere near home† (line 714), Gawain lacks the support system of his compassionate friends of the court. The only backbone he has is in his faith, leading to his prayers to Mary â€Å"To end his grief, / To guide his weary / Steps to relief† (lines 737-739) in an act of piety, another knightly virtue that Gawain embodies. Coincidentally, the pious act that grants him the salvation of discovering the castle and brings the joys of having human companionship again also leads him to his greatest challenge: the seduction of the Lady Bercilak. Part Three of the tale is the peak of Gawain’s obstacles in the form of the Lady Bercilak. He is repeatedly tested in a psychological game of chivalry against courtesy. To Gawain, the Lady Bercilak is even â€Å"Lovelier than Guenevere† (line 945), his own queen, so it is no doubt that the challenge imparted upon him by her attempts at seduction is a great one indeed. In addition, Gawain also must compete in Lord Bercilak’s game of trading each day’s winnings for the winnings of the otherShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay2387 Words   |  10 Pagesthe fourteenth century poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The poem opens with allusions to Greek and Roman history and eventually sets the story on Christmas in Camelot with King Arthur and his knights of the round table. Gawain, King Arthur’s nephew and a knight in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, faces trials and temptations that one would typically expect from a kn ight of the round table. Through careful and juxtaposed analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and articles by reputable authorsRead MoreEssay Analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1050 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, after Gawain ventures â€Å"into a forest fastness, fearsome and wild† (Norton, 311), he prays that he will be able to find â€Å"harborage† on Christmas Eve (Norton, 312). It is the middle of winter, and Gawain has been traveling in search of the Green Knight whose head he has cut off. After he prays and signs himself three times, Gawain finds a magical castle in the midst of a winter forest. He rides to the castle and is grantedRead More A Character Analysis of Sir Gawain as Presented In Sir Gawain and The Green Knight1426 Words   |  6 PagesA Character Analysis of Sir Gawain as Presented In Sir Gawain and The Green Knight In Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, the character of Sir Gawain is skillfully brought to life by the unknown author. Through the eyes of numerous characters in the poem, we see Gawain as a noble knight who is the epitome of chivalry; he is loyal, honest and above all, courteous. As the story progresses, Gawain is subjected to a number of tests of character, some known and some unknown. These tests tell us a greatRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight955 Words   |  4 Pagesthe classic medieval poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight that is used to form a more captivating story and construct a deeper meaning to the plot. The color green certainly is a prominent color in the poem, especially with the Green Knight, who is literally green from head to toe. The Green Knight makes quite the entrance on his horse as he rides into Camelot disrupting King Arthur and his knight’s New Year’s Feast. The Green Knight has come to find out if the Knights of the Round Tab le are as loyalRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight940 Words   |  4 Pages In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the men and women appear to have different roles in the society. The men attempt to live a more noble life while emasculating the power of the women. Throughout the poem, women display hints of their potential through manipulation and trickery, traits that are uneasily recognized by men as growing power. Morgan la Fay manipulates the Lord Bercilak to assume the role of the Green Knight, and she uses him for revenge against Queen Guenevere. She engineered a planRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1054 Words   |  5 PagesIn his book The Discarded Image C.S. Lewis states that â€Å"the Middle Ages depended predominantly on books†¦reading was one way of the total culture.† To illustrate, imagine a young heroic knight, holding his sword in one hand and his shield in another. Standing in confidence, with a determined look upon his face before confronting his next challenge. Bravery is found in many interesting stories throughout the medieval ages. It is defined by Oxford Dictionaries as â€Å"courageous behavior or character† (OxfordRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight846 Words   |  4 PagesAnd Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is not an exception to the rule. The poem uses imagery, juxtaposition of scenes, and the action of the chara cters to present the numerous themes to the reader and the presentation is done throughout the work. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the idea that in the world, there are man-made and natural rules that one must follow but in times, the two rules come in conflict with each other. By analyzing the two games played by Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, theRead MoreAnalysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight866 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† is the classic tale of a knight of the round table who takes up the challenge of the mysterious Green Knight. The poem begins with the Green Knight’s sudden arrival and his declaration of his proposition: a knight may strike him, and then a year and one day from then he will return the blow. This tale is most well-known for dealing with the themes of a knight’s code of chivalry, loyalty, resisting temptation, and keeping one’s word. While the whole poem is full ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe language of symbols plays a major role in medieval poetry â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† is no exception. The use of symbolism gives a writer the ability to draw important connections between items in their story and the audience. The poet behind â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† gives the reader a detailed description of the pentagram, his most important symbol, in order to form the key understanding of this poem. The narrator compares knightly ideals such as integrity, focus, and strengthRead More Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: An Analysis of Parallel Scenes636 Words   |  3 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight: An Analysis of Parallel Scenes The anonymous author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was supposedly the first to have originated the alternation of temptation and hunting scenes, which both contribute importantly to the effectiveness of the poem (Benson 57). The two narratives are obviously meant to be read as complementary. Therefore, the parallel juxtaposition of seemingly unrelated episodes is the basic characteristic of the narrative. The narrative

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay - 1758 Words

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is categorized in the developmental disabilities in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association. 2013). In the newest addition of the DSM- 5 the code ASD was created to include all previous name diagnoses; autism disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, rett syndrome, and Asperger syndrome. The U.S center of Disease Control (CDC) reported that 1 in 68 children have been diagnosed with ASD (2016). CDC points toward 1.2 million individuals are diagnoses under the age of 21. Autism is costing society 35 billion in direct and indirect cost for all individuals over their life time (Ganz, 2007). The major of the money spent directly and indirectly are for individuals under the age of 21 (Ganz 2007). Once individuals reach the age of 21 the type of services which’s to independent skills, living skill, and vocational skills. The amount of support and services in this area are de creased. There is little support on the success of adult individuals in vocational placement. The purpose of this paper is to look at the quality of life domains by Schalock (2000) within the realm of employment. The domains with reported low and high qualities to improve the area and seek long-term employment to meet their needs. Programs such as, Employ-able, which provides support for people with ASD includes assistance in career development for individuals who are becoming resilient maybeShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 Pagesin every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person who has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life condition that has no cure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in their communication and theirRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1535 Words   |  7 PagesHow Autism Influences the Interactions with Others There is a little boy that gets up every morning and goes to school. He goes home to his parents after school each day. He eats, sleeps, and plays just like any other child. There is one difference. He sees the world in a unique way than most other children not affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. The boy’s life and actions are a bit different and can be challenging for him. He needs understanding parents, family members, and teachers. Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Dustin S. Staats University of Central Oklahoma â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) formerly known as just Autism, is a disorder that affects about 1 in 68 children here in the United States.† (Facts about ASD) This is a pretty high prevalence and the number is continuing to rise. â€Å"Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant impairments in behavioral, communication, and social aspects of everyday life.†(Facts about ASD). The intellectual functioning ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnoses for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if characteristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder, as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction (ninds.nih.gov). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex developmental disorder and the term ‘spectrum’ was added to the original term simply known as ‘Autism’ due to the wide range of symptoms associated with the disorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe following paper is going to cover the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using research and data collected from various authors and journalists the paper will describe the different variations of autism and discuss the impact autism has on a person- in society, at home, in the classroom, and in their careers. Beginning at infancy, autism has a major impact on not just the child but their family’s life as well. The child’s lack of ability to interpret social cues, gestures, and expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of conditions grouped under the neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published in 2013 (Kress Paylo, 2015). Those who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder must present two types of symptoms: 1) Deficits in social communication and social interaction and 2) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities (APA, 2013). The DSM-5 merged all autism

Moral Status of Animals in the Ancient World Free Essays

Moral status of animals in the ancient world Main articles: Moral status of animals in the ancient world and Human exceptionalism Michelangelo’s The Creation of Adam. The Book of Genesis echoed earlier ideas about divine hierarchy, and that God and humankind share traits, such as intellect and a sense of morality, that non-humans do not possess. Modern views of humans treatment of animals can be traced back to the ancient world. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Status of Animals in the Ancient World or any similar topic only for you Order Now The idea that the use of animals by humans—for food and clothing is morally acceptable, springs from many sources. There is a hierarchy based on the theological concept of â€Å"dominion,† in Genesis (1:20-28), where Adam is given â€Å"dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. † Although the concept of dominion need not entail property rights, it has, over the centuries, been interpreted to imply some form of ownership. 8][10] Other parts of the Bible strongly protest the abuse of animals, such as Balaam and the talking donkey in Numbers 22:28-33 [11] or the merciful command in Deuteronomy 25:4 to allow an Ox to feed whilst it treads the grain [12]. In the New Testament, the dove is used to represent the Holy Spirit of God in Matthew 3:16[13] and in Revelations 14:1,17:14 and John 1:29,[14] Jesus is described as a lamb; these two animal s are still depicted in some churches with respect[15][16], thus showing ancient influence in modern religion. At the same time, animals have been considered inferior because they lack rationality and language, and as such are worthy of less consideration than humans, or even none. [8][10]. Aristotle considered animals to have no rationality, but that they had a soul. [edit]17th century: Animals as automata [edit]1641: Descartes Further information: Dualism (philosophy of mind) and Scientific Revolution Descartes’ remains influential regarding how the issue of animal consciousness—or as he saw it, lack thereof—should be approached. 17] â€Å"[Animals] eat without pleasure, cry without pain, grow without knowing it; they desire nothing, fear nothing, know nothing. — Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715)[18]† The year 1641 was significant for the idea of animal rights. The great influence of the century was the French philosopher, Rene Descartes (1596–1650), whose Meditations was published that year, and whose ideas about animals informed attitudes wel l into the 21st century. 17] Writing during the scientific revolution—a revolution of which he was one of the chief architects—Descartes proposed a mechanistic theory of the universe, the aim of which was to show that the world could be mapped out without allusion to subjective experience. The senses deceive, he wrote in the First Meditation in 1641, and â€Å"it is prudent never to trust wholly those who have deceived us even once. [19] â€Å"Hold then the same view of the dog which has lost his master, which has sought him in all the thoroughfares with cries of sorrow, which comes into the house troubled and restless, goes downstairs, goes upstairs; goes from room to room, finds at last in his study the master he loves, and betokens his gladness by soft whimpers, frisks, and caresses. There are barbarians who seize this dog, who so greatly surpasses man in fidelity and friendship, and nail him down to a table and dissect him alive, to show you the mesaraic veins! Y ou discover in him all the same organs of feeling as in yourself. Answer me, mechanist, has Nature arranged all the springs of feeling in this animal to the end that he might not feel? — Voltaire (1694–1778)[20] † His mechanistic approach was extended to the issue of animal consciousness. Mind, for Descartes, was a thing apart from the physical universe, a separate substance, linking human beings to the mind of God. The non-human, on the other hand, are nothing but complex automata, with no souls, minds, or reason. They can see, hear, and touch, but they are not, in any sense, conscious, and are unable to suffer or even to feel pain. 17] In the Discourse, published in 1637, Descartes wrote that the ability to reason and use language involves being able to respond in complex ways to â€Å"all the contingencies of life,† something that animals clearly cannot do. He argued from this that any sounds animals make do not constitute language, but are simply automatic responses to external stimuli. [21] [edit]1635, 1641, 1654: Fi rst known laws protecting animals Richard Ryder writes that the first known legislation against animal cruelty in the English-speaking world was passed in Ireland in 1635. It prohibited pulling wool off sheep, and the attaching of ploughs to horses’ tails, referring to â€Å"the cruelty used to beasts,† which Ryder writes is probably the earliest reference to this concept in the English language. [22] In 1641, the year Descartes’ Meditations was published, the first legal code to protect domestic animals in North America was passed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. [23] The colony’s constitution was based on The Body of Liberties by the Reverend Nathaniel Ward (1578–1652), a lawyer, Puritan clergyman, and University of Cambridge graduate, originally from Suffolk, England. 24] Ward listed the â€Å"rites† the Colony’s general court later endorsed, including rite number 92: â€Å"No man shall exercise any Tirrany or Crueltie toward any bruite Creature which are usuallie kept for man’s use. † Historian Roderick Nash writes that, at the height of Descartes’ influence in Europe, it is sign ificant that the early New Englanders created a law that implied animals were not unfeeling automata. [25] The Puritans passed animal protection legislation in England too. Katheen Kete of Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut writes that animal welfare laws were passed in 1654 as part of the ordinances of the Protectorate—the government under Oliver Cromwell, which lasted 1653–1659—during the English Civil War. Cromwell disliked blood sports, particularly cockfighting, cock throwing, dog fighting, as well as bull baiting and bull running, both said to tenderize the meat. These could frequently be seen in towns, villages, in fairgrounds, and became associated for the Puritans with idleness, drunkenness, and gambling. Kete writes that the Puritans interpreted the dominion of man over animals in the Book of Genesis to mean responsible stewardship, rather than ownership. The opposition to blood sports became part of what was seen as Puritan interference in people’s lives, which became a leitmotif of resistance to them, Kete writes, and the animal protection laws were overturned during the Restoration, when Charles II was returned to the throne in 1660. [26] Bull baiting remained lawful in England for another 162 years, until it was outlawed in 1822. edit]1693: Locke John Locke argued against animal cruelty, but only because of the effect it has on human beings. Against Descartes, the British philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) argued, in Some Thoughts Concerning Education in 1693, that animals do have feelings, and that unnecessary cruelty toward them is morally wrong, but—echoing Thomas Aquinas—the right not to be so harmed adhered either to the animal’s owner, or to the person who was being harmed by being cruel, not to the animal itself. Discussing the importance of preventing children from tormenting animals, he wrote: â€Å"For the custom of tormenting and killing of beasts will, by degrees, harden their minds even towards men. â€Å"[27] [edit]18th century: The centrality of sentience, not reason Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued in 1754 that animals are part of natural law, and have natural rights, because they are sentient. [edit]1754: Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) argued in Discourse on Inequality in 1754 that animals should be part of natural law, not because they are rational, but because they are sentient: â€Å"[Here] we put an end to the time-honoured disputes concerning the participation of animals in natural law: for it is clear that, being destitute of intelligence and liberty, they cannot recognize that law; as they partake, however, in some measure of our nature, in consequence of the sensibility with which they are endowed, they ought to partake of natural right; so that mankind is subjected to a kind of obligation even toward the brutes. It appears, in fact, that if I am bound to do no injury to my fellow-creatures, this is less because they are rational than because they are sentient beings: and this quality, being common both to men and beasts, ought to entitle the latter at least to the privilege of not being wantonly ill-treated by the former. [28]† [edit]1785: Kant â€Å"Animals †¦ are there merely as a means to an end. That end is man. — Immanuel Kant[29]† The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), following Augustine, Aquinas, and Locke, opposed the idea that humans have duties toward non-humans. For Kant, cruelty to animals was wrong solely on the grounds that it was bad for humankind. He argued in 1785 that humans have duties only toward other humans, and that â€Å"cruelty to animals is contrary to man’s duty to himself, because it deadens in him the feeling of sympathy for their sufferings, and thus a natural tendency that is very useful to morality in relation to other humans is weakened. â€Å"[30] [edit]1789: Bentham Jeremy Bentham: â€Å"The time will come, when humanity will extend its mantle over every thing which breathes† (1781). 31] Four years later, one of the founders of modern utilitarianism, the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), although deeply opposed to the concept of natural rights, argued with Rousseau that it was the ability to suffer, not the ability to reason, that should be the benchmark of how we treat other beings. If rationality were the criterion, many humans, including babies and disabled people, would also ha ve to be treated as though they were things. 32] He wrote in 1789, just as slaves were being freed by the French, but were still held captive in the British dominions: â€Å"The day has been, I grieve to say in many places it is not yet past, in which the greater part of the species, under the denomination of slaves, have been treated by the law exactly upon the same footing, as, in England for example, the inferior races of animals are still. The day may come when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights which never could have been witholden from them but by the hand of tyranny. The French have already discovered that the blackness of the skin is no reason a human being should be abandoned without redress to the caprice of a tormentor. It may one day come to be recognized that the number of the legs, the villosity of the skin, or the termination of the os sacrum are reasons equally insufficient for abandoning a sensitive being to the same fate. What else is it that should trace the insuperable line? Is it the faculty of reason or perhaps the faculty of discourse? But a full-grown horse or dog, is beyond comparison a more rational, as well as a more conversable animal, than an infant of a day or a week or even a month, old. But suppose the case were otherwise, what would it avail? the question is not, Can they reason? , nor Can they talk? but, Can they suffer? [33]† [edit]1792: Thomas Taylor Despite Rousseau and Bentham, the idea that animals did or ought to have rights remained ridiculous. When Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797), the British feminist writer, published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, Thomas Taylor (1758—1835), a Cambridge philosopher, responded with an anonymous tract called Vindication of the Rights of Brutes, intended as a reductio ad absurdum. Taylor took Wollstonecraft’s arguments, and those of Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man (1790), and showed that they applied equally to animals, leading to the conclusion that animals have â€Å"intrinsic and real dignity and worth,† a conclusion absurd enough, in his view, to discredit Wollstonecraft’s and Paine’s positions entirely. 34] [edit]19th century: Emergence of jus animalium [edit]Legislation The first known prosecution for cruelty to animals was brought in 1822 against two men found beating horses in London’s Smithfield Market, where livestock had been sold since the 10th century. They were fined 20 shillings each. Further information: Crue l Treatment of Cattle Act 1822, Cruelty to Animals Act 1835, Cruelty to Animals Act 1849, and Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 â€Å"What could be more innocent than bull baiting, boxing, or dancing? George Canning, British Foreign Secretary in April 1800 in response to a bill to ban bull baiting. [35]† Badger baiting was outlawed in England by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835. Painting by Henry Thomas Alken, 1824 The 19th century saw an explosion of interest in animal protection, particularly in England. Debbie Legge and Simon Brooman of Liverpool John Moores University wrote that the educated classes became concerned about attitudes toward the old, the needy, children, and the insane, and that this concern was extended to non-humans. Before the 19th century, there had been prosecutions for poor treatment of animals, but only because of the damage to the animal as property. In 1793, for example, John Cornish was found not guilty of maiming a horse after pulling its tongue out, the judge ruling that he could be found guilty only if there was evidence of malice toward the owner. [36] From 1800 onwards, there were several attempts in England to introduce animal welfare or rights legislation. The first was a bill in 1800 against bull baiting, introduced by Sir William Pulteney, and opposed by the Secretary at War, William Windham, on the grounds that it was anti-working class. Another attempt was made in 1802 by William Wilberforce, again opposed by Windham, who said that the Bill was supported by Methodists and Jacobins who wished, for different reasons, to â€Å"destroy the Old English character, by the abolition of all rural sports† and that bulls, when they were in the ascendant in the contest, did not dislike the situation. 37] In 1809, Lord Erskine introduced a bill to protect cattle and horses from malicious wounding, wanton cruelty, and beating, this one opposed by Windham because it would be used against the â€Å"lower orders† when the real culprits would be property owners. [38] Judge Edward Abbott Parry writes that the House of Lords found the proposal so sentimental that they drowned Erskine out with cat calls and cock crowing. [39] [edit]1822: Martin’s Act Further information: Badger baiting, Bull baiting, and Cockfighting â€Å"If I had a donkey wot wouldn’t go, D’ ye think I’d wollop him? No, no, no! But gentle means I’d try, d’ ye see, Because I hate all cruelty. If all had been like me, in fact, There’d ha’ been no occasion for Martin’s Act. — Music hall ditty inspired by the prosecution under Martin’s Act of Bill Burns for cruelty to a donkey. [40] † In 1821, the Treatment of Horses bill was introduced by Colonel Richard Martin, MP for Galway in Ireland, but it was lost among laughter in the House of Commons that the next thing would be rights for asses, dogs, and cats. 41] Nicknamed â€Å"Humanity Dick† by George IV, Martin finally succeeded in 1822 with his â€Å"Ill Treatment of Horses and Cattle Bill,† or â€Å"Martin’s Act†, as it became known, the world’s first major piece of animal protection legislation. It was given royal assent on June 22 that year as An Act to prevent the cruel and improper Treatment of Cattle, and made it a n offence, punishable by fines up to five pounds or two months imprisonment, to â€Å"beat, abuse, or ill-treat any horse, mare, gelding, mule, ass, ox, cow, heifer, steer, sheep or other cattle. â€Å"[42] Any citizen was entitled to bring charges under the Act. 43] The Trial of Bill Burns, showing Richard Martin with the donkey in an astonished courtroom, leading to the world’s first known conviction for animal cruelty. Legge and Brooman argue that the success of the Bill lay in the personality of â€Å"Humanity Dick,† who was able to shrug off the ridicule from the House of Commons, and whose own sense of humour managed to capture its attention. It was Martin himself who brought the first prosecution under the Act, when he had Bill Burns, a costermonger—a street seller of fruit—arrested for beating a donkey. Seeing in court that the magistrates seemed bored and didn’t much care about the donkey, he sent for it, parading its injuries before a reportedly astonished court. Burns was fined, becoming the first person in the world known to have been convicted of animal cruelty. Newspapers and music halls were full of jokes about the â€Å"Trial of Bill Burns,† as it became known, and how Martin had relied on the testimony of a donkey, giving Martin’s Act some welcome publicity. [40][43] The trial became the subject of a painting (right), which hangs in the headquarters of the RSPCA in London. 44] Other countries followed suit in passing legislation or making decisions that favoured animals. In 1882, the courts in New York ruled that wanton cruelty to animals was a misdemeanor at common law. [23] In France in 1850, Jacques Philippe Delmas de Grammont succeeded in having the Loi Grammont passed, outlawing cruelty against domestic animals, and leading to years of arguments ab out whether bulls could be classed as domestic in order to ban bullfighting. [45] The state of Washington followed in 1859, New York in 1866, California in 1868, Florida in 1889. 46] In England, a series of amendments extended the reach of the 1822 Act, which became the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835, outlawing cockfighting, baiting, and dog fighting, followed by another amendment in 1849, and again in 1876. [edit]1824: Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals â€Å"At a meeting of the Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals, on the 16th day of June 1824, at Old Slaughter’s Coffee House, St. Martin’s Lane: T F Buxton Esqr, MP, in the Chair, It was resolved: That a committee be appointed to superintend the Publication of Tracts, Sermons, and similar modes of influencing public opinion, to consist of the following Gentlemen: Sir Jas. Mackintosh MP, A Warre Esqr. MP, Wm. Wilberforce Esqr. MP, Basil Montagu Esqr. , Revd. A Broome, Revd. G Bonner, Revd G A Hatch, A E Kendal Esqr. , Lewis Gompertz Esqr. , Wm. Mudford Esqr. , Dr. Henderson. Resolved also: That a Committee be appointed to adopt measures for Inspecting the Markets and Streets of the Metropolis, the Slaughter Houses, the conduct of Coachmen, etc. etc, consisting of the following Gentlemen: T F Buxton Esqr. MP, Richard Martin Esqr. , MP, Sir James Graham, L B Allen Esqr. , C C Wilson Esqr. , Jno. Brogden Esqr. , Alderman Brydges, A E Kendal Esqr. , E Lodge Esqr. , J Martin Esqr. T G Meymott Esqr. A. Broome, Honorary Secretary [40][43] † Further information: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Richard Martin soon realized that magistrates did not take the M artin Act seriously, and that it was not being reliably enforced. Several members of parliament decided to form a society to bring prosecutions under the Act. The Reverend Arthur Broome, a Balliol man who had recently become the vicar of Bromley-by-Bow, arranged a meeting in Old Slaughter’s Coffee House in St. Martin’s Lane, a London cafe frequented by artists and actors. [40] The group met on June 16, 1824, and included a number of MPs: Richard Martin, Sir James Mackintosh, Sir Thomas Buxton, William Wilberforce, and Sir James Graham, who had been an MP, and who became one again in 1826. They decided to form a â€Å"Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals,† or the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as it became known. It determined to send men to inspect the Smithfield Market in the City of London, where livestock had been sold since the 10th century, as well as slaughterhouses, and the practices of coachmen toward their horses. [40] The Society became the Royal Society in 1840, when it was granted a royal charter by Queen Victoria, herself strongly opposed to vivisection. [47][48] [edit]1824: Early examples of direct action Noel Molland writes that, in 1824, Catherine Smithies, an anti-slavery activist, set up an SPCA youth wing called the Bands of Mercy. It was a children’s club modeled on the Temperance Society’s Bands of Hope, which were intended to encourage children to campaign against drinking and gambling. The Bands of Mercy were similarly meant to encourage a love of animals. [49] Molland writes that some of its members responded with more enthusiasm than Smithies intended, and became known for engaging in direct action against hunters by sabotaging their rifles, although Kim Stallwood of the Animal Rights Network writes he has often heard these stories but has never been able to find solid evidence to support them. 50] Whether the story is true or apocryphal, the idea of the youth group was revived by Ronnie Lee in 1972, when he and Cliff Goodman set up the Band of Mercy as a militant, anti-hunting guerrilla group, which slashed hunters’ vehicles’ tires and smashed their windows. In 1976, some of the same activists, sensing that the Band of Mercy name sounded too accommodating, founded the Animal L iberation Front. [49] How to cite Moral Status of Animals in the Ancient World, Papers

Ethical Dilemma faced by Kentucky Company

Question: Describe about the Ethical Dilemma faced by Kentucky Company. Answer: Introduction Ethical dilemma are also referred to as the moral dilemma in which an individual is made to make a choice between two options that neither helps in the resolving of a situation in a manner that is ethically accepted. In most of the cases, there are conditions that must be met for a situation to be regards as ethical dilemma (Craft, 2013). One of the condition that should take place is that an individual or the business entity should make a decision in regards to the best of action that should be undertaken. Secondly, there should be various courses of choices to choose the best action to undertake in a given situation (Crossan, Mazutis Seijts, 2013). The third condition is that no matter the course of action that will be taken there are some of the ethical principles that will be compromised. When determining what will make an ethical dilemma there is, need to determine some distinction in terms of ethics, morals, the values and the policies. Nevertheless, it is important to made di stinction in regards to personal and professional ethics and values. Moreover, the conflicts between personal and professional values should not be seen as the rationale process acquired in resolving of the ethical dilemma faced by an organization (Frederickson Ghere, 2013). The organization in which the report will be analyzed is Kentucky Fried Chicken that has faced ethical dilemma in the recent past. The report will use theoretical concepts to examine on the dilemma. Moreover, there will be evaluation of the relationship between ethics, leadership and the decision making. Nevertheless, there is need to look at how the leaders ensures the organizational decisions are made ethically. Background of the company KFC Company is one of the fast growing brand all over the world. Colonel Harland founded the company in 1952. The company specializes in the fried chicken and it is the second largest restaurant chain after the MacDonald (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The company has global presence over 20,000 locations globally. The founder of the company Harland founded the organization during the period of the great depression in the USA (Griffin, 2013). He was selling the fried chicken by the roadside and at that moment, he determined the likelihood of a restaurant franchising idea along with the initially Kentucky chicken franchise was opened up in Utah in 1952. The company today offers the operations, franchising as well as services they may be providing across the world in their junk food restaurants that make, package as well as sell a menu that is ready to eat foods. Just like any organization, the company in the recent past has faced ethical dilemma on their business, this has been explored a s follows (Hassan, Mahsud, Yukl Prussia, 2013). Main Ethical dilemma The business ethics refers to the moral principles that guides how the business works. Therefore, the same principle, which determines the actions of individual action, can apply to the business. By acting in a way that is ethical involves being able to distinguish between the suitable along with the inappropriate therefore creating the right option. It usually is easy to recognize on fraudulent business strategies (Hartman, DesJardins MacDonald, 2014). Nevertheless, it is sometimes hard to make an identical hard as well as quick description on facet of sound ethical plans. A business ought to make a return, which is competitive to the stakeholders, and deal with the workers relatively (Johnson, 2013). Moreover, the company carries a larger duties instance reducing of the problems for the environment as well as take action in ways that do not harm on the communities in the ones it operates. This is known, as the corporate social responsibility .The ethical analysis for the KFC Compa ny specifically looks at the perspective of the consumer, he suppliers, employees of the company and the society in large (Kuntz, Kuntz, Elenkov Nabirukhina, 2013). Despite the company, being one of the best popular chicken restaurant the company experiences some ethical dilemma as follows. As a result of the development of the living standards of individuals, they are changing on their attitude on the aspect of health and nutrition behaviors and attitudes (Lange, 2016). Individuals recently have been concerned with their health and figures than before. This has been from the fact that there has been an increase in the fact of information that has been reported on every platform of communication like internet, social media or perhaps newspapers about fast food has no nutritional value. One should not eat much since it is junk foods the research has found this and much has been documented on the same. The company is facing this major dilemma since it had previously gained reputation of the fast food by providing greasy unhealthy food (Mintz, 2016). Therefore, the company should do something in relation to the potential of the increase shareholders value. Being as one of the fast food restaurant the company has many individuals patronizing on the products and the food that they offer. The company is faced with the challenge of adopting on the best ethical practices towards meeting the consumer health aspects and on the other hand, the reputation of the organization is at jeopardy (Morales-Snchez Cabello-Medina, 2013). They need to adhere to the ethical standards that are specifically aligned to provision of healthy foods. Nonetheless, research has indicated that the company has been using oil that has Trans fatty acids. The kind of oil in question has been found to increase on the level of cholesterol on the bodies of individuals and as well, as increase on the risk of having heart disease. The authorities found that; the case has been referred to the consumer group centers for the science in the public interest. They explained to the company they should use healthier cooking products better than the ones they were currently using. Application of theories off managerial ethics to examine Kentucky dilemma The case of Kentucky ethical dilemma has been examined using two theories these are stakeholders management theory and utilitarian theory. Stakeholder management theory Kentucky Company can use this theory to address on the problem they are facing. The use of this model is to safeguard on the ethics of the company that is not subordinated towards the economic success but without exclusion of the possibility of working on an ethical strategies that may result in positive ethical consequences (Northouse, 2015). The company should employ basic ethics principals in which the managers to comply with ethical values. The refusal of the ordinary behavior may become dangerous to the human society and the economy. The company is using oil that have high levels Trans fatty acids that have been found to have high cholesterol levels and will cause health issue to these individuals in the end (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016). The use of this theory will encompass the orientation of the managerial decisions in the applications to the stakeholder thinking. The professional skills and the human talent are also fundamental to achieve on this theory application (Symonds R anieri, 2015). The complication of the application of this theory is when the top managers have different views in regards to ethical principles, that do not relates to the human survival or rather the fundamental laws that govern the communities, but are deemed significant for the human life. These are hiring and firing conditions, having a salary that is decent and how the family life is to be conceived in relation to the conditions of working. Utilitarian Ethical theory The business leaders usually makes ethical decision every day in accordance to some ethical behavior whether they think on it or not (Yukl, 2002). The use of managerial ethical theories can help Kentucky to clear on the ethical dilemma they are facing and be able to make ethical decision. The use of this theory emphasizes the consequences of an action on the stakeholders (Williams, 2013). The stakeholders in any decision made in the company whether good or bad are the most affected on the outcome of the action. Utilitarian theory recognizes that trade off exist in the aspect of decision-making. The making of these decisions should be able to maximize the net benefit and reduce on the minimum overall harm to the stakeholders. KFC uses the oil, which contain the Trans fatty acids, and the food ingredients for cooking in their new products referred to as New Orleans Roasted wing (Trevio, den Nieuwenboer Kish-Gephart, 2014). The use of this oil has influenced on the brand and has brough t some negative effect such as having bad press, demonstration to boycott of the fried chicken and even media report. The company may have reported they do not use these products in order to adhere to ethical standards in order to protect the health of their customers. Moreover, they may do this to gain on international competitiveness and lead in competition from the other big brands (Thiel, Bagdasarov, Harkrider, Johnson Mumford, 2012). The essence of the traditional ethical stance exhibited from the company is to prevent the actual problems in regards to health, nutrition and increase in the stakeholders profits. From this, it is obvious there is lack of the long-term plans, which can maintain these developments even in the future (Northouse, 2015). The organization ought to realize they not just have accountability for the present customers along with to the future decades. The management of the organization ought to pursue sustaining the health as well as dietary meals that th e future generations will require in order to survive. The ethical stance of the stakeholders of this company should not be based on the short-term goals (Mintz, 2016). They should not encourage negative issues on their negligent behavior but rather should be for the good of all. Relationship between ethics, leadership and decision-making Quite a few descriptions they have got formulated on leadership with time as well as because of so many the subject provides developed from what is the description of leadership as well as the relationship which is between it and ethics , as well as decision making (Lange, 2016) . Based on Joanne Ciulla (2004), she describes great leadership as the ethically great as well as the theoretically good or even effective. She bears thought that ethics is the heart of the authority along with a good leader ought to be ethical as well as effectual. Leadership is often a relationship between individuals. Consequently, the ability to be capable of ethically impact on other people is essential in deciding of an efficient leadership. Based on William Hitt (1990), he lays down that there is three needs that allows the leaders to exploit their expertise to compel ethical conduct and to make choices efficiently. The three specifications are attaining a comprehension of ethics, assisting as a functi on model in the making judgments, which are moral as well as the development and implementation of a strategy of action to promote moral conduct on the employees in the company. To be an excellent leader you need to possess sturdy decent as well as be effectual so that you can make use of pressure as well as confrontation within individuals value techniques and play a role of devising the cognizance of people (Johnson, 2013). The sound leader can optimize on the output from the adherent after which it attain best outcomes without the jeopardize of the ethical philosophies. The end result might entail many parameters however in attaining these types of outcomes, the leader ought to ascertain sturdy personal ethics. Just then, could a leader exercise as well as attain good leadership. Ethics according to Aristotle believes it is living well and reason, satisfaction figured centrally in the relations of the humans (Griffin, 2013). This has supported on the process of ethics that Skinne r (1961) developed. This process examines on how the nature of the humans develops personal perspectives and the morals. The process begins with defining of the rules and the goals. In every culture, it has set of rules that are unbroken example the communal understanding of the difference between what is right and what is wrong (Frederickson Ghere, 2013). Skinner acknowledges on the set of ethics, but he explores that humans are free to accept, embrace on these ethics. Further, if these ethics are accepted an individual will begin to observe on these from other individuals in everyday life. The next processes of Skinner if these are observed they will be imitated because the humans learn and develop when they imitate from others. The aspect of culture is defined through imitation and once ethics has been imitated, it would become a habit. Therefore these ethical actions imitated they will no longer be thought of but rather performed automatically by individuals (Ferrell Fraedrich , 2015). The last part of the ethical process contains two part of which without them the whole process will be deemed a failure. One of the first part is decision making. It entails not only just making a decision but also making the right decisions. The second part is refers to reflection. The results that are provided from a given decision making should include a contemplation as well as assessment of the particular choice because ethics rely on an individual free will (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Whenever a person accomplish the correct it is certainly not sufficiently good since without reflection an individual will not realize why the right decision was designed and one may likely not make the right decision in the future. A leader who makes decision without reflection, the aspect of good ethics will be just a habit, but when they have reflection, good ethics will be based on reason and choice. When individuals have free will it shows that, there is a strong personal ethics whe n making good ethical decisions (Craft, 2013). From this process, one can learn that it is usually one thing to have ethics, which can be exhibited from everyone, but on the other hand, it is one thing to develop good ethics. On these statements, they have reflected on the current standards of ethical conduct. The society acceptance of ethics that is poor has been followed by Skinners automatic process stage. Today to have consistency practice of good ethics is no longer considered automatic, but rather uncommon (Johnson, 2013). This has been due to intense speed and the demand of the leaders today to make decisions thus reflecting on those decision made has long forgotten due to lack of time. The reflection process should thus be considered in the ethical process in order to have good leadership development. Conclusion The fundamental key to possess ethically run organization would be to possess morally upstanding leaders. To obtain ethical leadership moral leaders must have enormous effects on precisely how person in the business act as well as whatever they can attain. Those leaders that succeed in major ethically not merely develop on their organizations as well as cultures however; they additionally assist to providing differences in the world. An efficient leader ought to concentrate on what is right and be able to epitomize to their individuals who they are presented to enable them to instead never to exploit their susceptibility. The vital actions the leaders might work with on ethical carry out are the following: One of the element would be to face complexity particularly when generating ethical options. A good leader is an individual who talks about the difficult ethical choices and is able to help others learn on making responsible ethical decisions. Another aspect of a good leader does n ot separate ethics from the day-to-day business. The leader should be able to make it clear to the employees that ethics is the way the company operate and all the activities that are done should be ethical. A leader should not allow negative interpersonal behaviour to erode on his trust. The culture in the company should be based on respect. One should be a leader who expects it and is able to practice it through cultivation of a respectful environment in which individuals are able to speak out about ethics and share the responsibility of living it. Moreover, a leader should not exempt anyone from meeting all the ethical expectations. There should be no excuses and the ethical standards at all the time are adopted. An ethical leader should always consider both the positive and negative views and the right of every individual who is involved and they always ensures that the decision are made in a manner that is ethical and each member is accountable. The ethical nature of a judge en sures that their credibility and integrity causes the followers they trust them. Ethics has been connected to the ways in which the leaders interact with others and how and how they act when one is around them. References Craft, J. L. (2013). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(2), 221-259. Crossan, M., Mazutis, D., Seijts, G. (2013). In search of virtue: The role of virtues, values and character strengths in ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(4), 567- 581. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015). Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Frederickson, H. G., Ghere, R. K. (2013). Ethics in public management. 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